Vocabulary Unit 4.

Crime: crim

Criminal: criminal

Evidence: proves

Judge: judge

Guilty: culpable

Innocent: inocent

Jury: jurat

Lawyer: advocat

Arrest: arrestar

Investigate: investigar

Prove: demostrar

Victim: víctima

Witness: testimoni

Justice: justícia

Law: llei

Community service: serveis a la comunitat

Defense lawyer: advocat defensor

Detective series: sèries de detectius

Burglar: lladre de una casa

Burglary: robatori en una casa

Burgle: robar en una casa

Kidnap: segrestar

Kidnapper: segrestador

Kidnapping: segrest

Mug: atracar

Mugger: atracador

Mugging: atracament

Murder: assassinat  

Murderer: assassí  

Rob: robar

Robber: lladre

Robbery: robatori

Shoplift: furtar

Shoplifter: lladre

Shoplifting: furt

Steal: robar

Theft: robatori

Thief: lladre

Vandal: vàndal

Vandalism: vandalisme

Vandalize: destrossar

Vocabulary Unit 3.

Hire: alquilar

Explore: explorar
 

Pack: Fer la maleta
 

Book: reservar
 

Sunbathe: pendre el sol

 

Crevasse: grieta
 

Sunburn: quemadura solar
 

Suntan: bronceat
 

Survival: supervivient
 

Bungee jump: puenting

Travel agent: agent de viatge
 

Reality: realitat
 

Violence: violencia
 

Weakness: debilitat

Desert: desert
 

Summit: cima
 

Ambition: ambició

Enjoyment: plaer

Happiness: felicidad
 

Imagination: imaginació

Ability: habilitat

Caution: prudencia
 

Determination: determinació

Inspiration: inspiración
 

Patience: paciencia
 

Performance: representació

Unit 4: Reporter Speech

Direct speech - Reported speech

 

Present simple - past simple

I play - I played

Present continuous - past continuous

I'm playing - I was playing

Present perfect simple - past perfect simple

I have played - I had played

Past simple - past perfect simple

I played - I had played

Will - would

I will play - I would play

Can - Could

I can play - I could play

Must - Had to

I must play - I had to play

When we convert direct speech into reported speech.

Reported statements: other changes

When we convert direct speech into reported speech:

 

-Most modal verbs do not change: should, could, would, might, ought to..

 

-Pronouns usually change.

 

-Expressions of time and place usually change:

 

Direct speech - Reported speech

Here - There

This - That

These - Those

Now - Then

Next week - The following week

Today - That day

Tonight - That night

Tomorrow - The following day

Yesterday - The day before

Last week - The week before

Reported commands and requests

Commands: Tell + object + infinitive (with to) 

Request: Ask + object + infinitive (with to)

 Negative command or request in reported speech:

Subject + verb + object + not + infinitive (with to)

Unit 3: Complex clauses and linkers

Complex clauses:

Contrast: 

although (a pesar de)

though (sin embargo)

in spite of the fact ( a pesar de)

despite the fact that (a pesar de que)

Purpose: 

so(that) (de manera que) 

Reason: 

because( por que)

as(como)

since(desde) 

Result:

 so...that(de manera que)

such...that(de tal manera que)

Linkers of contrast:

 

Despite the fact that/ in spite fact that + clauses. 

Despite/ in spite og + noun/ pronoun or gerund.

Linkers of purpose:

To/ in order(not) to/ so as(not) to + infinitive. 

So/ so that + clause. 

Linkers of reason 

as/because/ since + clause. 

because of + noun/ noun phrase.

Linkers of result: 

so + adverb + that clause.

so + adverb + that clause

such + a(n) + adjective + singular noun + that clause.

such + adjective + uncountable noun + that clause.

1r Trimestre (Altre blog)

MODALS VERBS

MODAL VERBS OF ADVICE
We use had better, ought to and should to give advice, make recommendations or say whatever we think is the right thing to do.
MODAL VERBS OF NECESSITY, OBLIGATION AND PROHIBITION

NECESSITYWe use need to to express necessity.

OBLIGATION
We use must or have to to talk about obligation.
We use needn't or don't have to when there is no obligation.

PROHIBITIONWe use mustn't to talk about prohibition..

MODALS OF ABILITY AND PERMISSION
ABILITY
We use can to talk about ability in the present
We use could to talk about ability in the past.
We use be able to to talk about ability in other tenses.
PERMISSION
We use can to talk about permission in the present.
We use be allowed to to talk about permission in other tenses.
MODALS OF POSSIBILY AND CERTAINTY
We use could, may and might to say something in possible.
We use can't or mustn't to say we are certain something is impossible.
We use must when we are certain something is true.

Publicado por Alex Fernandez en 14:28 0 comentarios

VOCABULARY UNIT 1

EDUCATION VOCABULARY

Pass: aprovar
Fail: suspendre
Copy: copiar
Achieve: aconseguir
Get a high mark: treure una nota alta
Get a low mark: treure una nota baixa
Take: fer
Retake: tornar a fer o retocar
Revise: revisar
Panic: tenir por
Cheat: fer trampes
Study: estudiar
Primary school: Escola primaria
Secondary school: ESO (per als anglesos: institut)
University: universitat
Uniform: uniforme
Subject: assignatura


RELATIVE CLAUSES

WHO and THAT => to refer to people
WHICH and THAT => to refer to things
WHEN => to refer to timeWHERE => to refer to placesWHOSE => to refer possession

LINKERS OF ADDITION

In the middle:
Also

At the end:
Too
As well

At the beginning:
In addition
Furthermore
Moreover
What's more

FALSE FRIEND

Advise: aconsellar
Attend: asistir a
Career: tots els llocs de treball
College: institut
Lecture: confèrencia
Library: biblioteca
Realize: donar-se compte
Success: éxit

 

Publicado por Alex Fernandez en 14:09 0 comentarios

FUTUR TENSES

WILL
1.To make predictions or give opinions
2.To express spontaneous decisions
Forms:

Affirmative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will + verb (infinitive)
Ex: I will play football.

Negative form
I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will not + verb (infinitive)

Ex: He won’t will play football.
Interrogative form
Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + verb (infinitive) ?
Ex: Will you play football??

GOING TO

1.To talk about plans and intentions.
2.To express a prediction based on evidence at the time of speaking.
Forms:
Affirmative form
I + am + going to + verb (infinitive)
Ex: I’m going to play football.

You/We/They + are + going to + verb (infinitive)Ex: They are going to splay football Right.
He/She/It + is + going to + verb (infinitive)Ex: He’s going to play football.      
Negative form

I + am not (‘m not) + going to + verb (infinitive)
Ex: I’m not going to play football.
You/We/They + are not (aren’t) + going to + verb (infinitive)Ex: They aren’t going to play football.

He/She/It + is not (isn’t) + going to + verb (infinitive)Ex: She isn’t going to play football.
Interrogative form

Am + I + going to + verb (infinitive) ?
Ex: Am I going to play football?

Are + You/We/They + going to + verb (infinitive) ?
Ex: Are you going to play football?

Is +  He/She/It + going to + verb (infinitive) ?Ex: Is she going to play football?       

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1.To indicate that something will happen or not in the near future.
2.We normally mention a specific time or place.

Ex: I’m playing football next week.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

1.To talk about actions which take place over a period of time
2.To talk about actions which have already been planned
Forms:
Affirmative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will be + verb-ing
Ex: He will be playing fooball.
 Negative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will not (won’t) be + verb-ing
Ex:They won’t be playing fooball.
Interrogative form
Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + be + verb-ing?
Ex: Will you be playing fooball?

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

1.To express that something will be completed by a specific moment of time
Forms:
Affirmative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will have + verb (past participle)
Ex: They will have played football.
 Negative form

 I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will not (won’t) have + verb (past participle)
Ex: You won’t have played football.
Interrogative form

Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/They Am + have + verb (past participle) ?
Ex: Will he have played football? 

Publicado por Alex Fernandez en 13:39 0 comentarios

martes 9 de noviembre de 2010

PAST TENSES

PAST SIMPLE

1) To talk about habitual or usual actions.
2)To talk about actions that started and finished at a specific time in the past. 
3) For past states.
4)To describe a thing which happened repeatedly in the past.

Ex: I went to the cinema last summer.

Forms:

Affirmative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + verb –ed or irregular verbs
Ex: I went to the cinema.

Negative form
I/You/He/She/It/We/They + did not + verb (infinitive)
I didn't go to the cinema.

Interrogative form
Did + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + verb (infinitive) ?
Ex: Did you go to the cinema?


PAST CONTINUOUS

1)To talk about an action in progress at a specific moment in the past. 2) To indicate that a longer action was interrupted in the past.
3) To express the idea that two actions were happening at the same time.

Ex: He was playing football.

Forms:
Affirmative form

I/ He/She/It + was + verb-ingEx: He was playing football.You/We/They + were + verb-ing
Ex: They were playing football.Negative form

Negative form
I/ He/She/It + was not + verb-ing
Ex: He wasn’t playing football.
You/We/They + were not + verb-ing
Ex: They weren’t playing football.

Interrogative form
Was + I/He/She/It + verb-ing?
Ex:Was he playing football?
Were + You/We/They + verb-ing?
Ex: Were they playing football?

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

We use the present perfect simple:
1)To talk about actions which happened before other actions in the past.
Ex: After I had played, I went to the cinema.

Forms:

Affirmative form

I/You/He/She/It/We/They + had + verb (past participle)
Ex:  He had played.

Negative form
I/You/He/She/It/We/They + had not + verb (past participle)
Ex:  He hadn't played.

Interrogative form

Had + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + verb (past participle) ?
Ex:  Had you played?

Publicado por Alex Fernandez en 07:15 0 comentarios

 

Publicado por Alex Fernandez en 06:26 0 comentarios

PRESENT TENSES REVIEW

PRESENT SIMPLE

1.To talk about habitual or usual actions.

2.For facts and generalizations.

3.To talk about events in the near future.

Ex: I play football on Saturday.

Forms:

Affirmative form
I/You/We/They + verb (infinitive)
Ex: I play football.
He/She/It + verb (infinitive) –s
Ex: He plays football
Negative form
I/You/We/They + do not + verb (infinitive)
Ex: You don’t play football.
He/She/It + does not + verb (infinitive)
Ex: She doesn’t play football.
Interrogative form
Do + I/You/We/They + verb (infinitive) + ?
Ex: Do you play football?
Does + He/She/It + verb (infinitive) +  ?
Ex: Does she plays football?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1)To indicate that something is happening at the moment

2)To talk about an action that is in progress, but we may not be doing this action at the moment.

3)To express that something will happen

Ex: I’m reading book now.

Forms:

Affirmative form
I + am + verb (‘m) -in
Ex:  I’m reading book.
You/We/They + are (‘re)+ verb -ing
Ex: They’re reading book.
He/She/It + is (‘s) + verb –ing
Ex: She’s reading book.
Negative form
 I + am not (‘m not) + verb-ing
Ex: I’m not reading book.
You/We/They + are not (aren’t) + verb-ing
Ex: They aren’t reading book.
He/She/It + is not (isn’t) + verb-ing
Ex: She isn’t reading book.
Interrogative form
Am + I + verb-ing + complements?
Ex: Am I reading book?
Are + You/We/They + verb-ing ?
Ex: Are you reading book?
Is +  He/She/It + verb-ing ?
Ex: Is he reading book?
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

1)To express a present situation that began in the past.
2)To talk about something which happenes in the past that caused a present situation.
3)To talk about past experiences, without saying exactly when they happened.

Ex: I’ve studied English since 1999.

Forms:
Affirmative form
I/You/We/They + have (‘ve) + verb (past participle)
Ex: I’ve studied English since 1999.
He/She/It + has (‘s) + verb (past participle)
Ex: She’s studied English since 1999.
Negative form
 I/You/We/They + have not (haven’t) + verb (past participle)
Ex: They haven’t studied English since 1999.
He/She/It + has not (hasn’t) + verb (past participle)
Ex: He hasn’t studied English since 1999.
Interrogative form
Have + I/You/We/They + verb (past participle) ?
Ex: Have you studied English since 1999?
Has + He/She/It + verb (past participle) ?
Ex: Has she studied English since 1999?